Hydrogel Materials in 3D Printing: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Hydrogels have emerged as key materials in the field of 3D printing, particularly in biomedical engineering, owing to their high-water content, biocompatibility, and tunable mechanical properties. This review explores the classifications, properties, fabrication techniques, and current applications of hydrogel-based materials in additive manufacturing. Furthermore, challenges and future perspectives are discussed to provide a roadmap for continued development and clinical translation.