Comprehensive Biomechanical Analysis of Ankle Joint Kinetics and Plantar Pressure Distribution during Human Gait

Abstract

Walking results from a cyclic series of foot movements, with one complete cycle called a gait cycle. Gait analysis is crucial for identifying abnormalities, enhancing athletic performance, improving ergonomics as well as diagnosing and monitoring conditions like Parkinson's disease and cerebral palsy. This study focuses on the Asian population, considering their anthropometric data to develop a foot link model for determining foot forces. We aim to create a low-cost, automated program for foot force analysis to serve as an assistive device for foot pressure pad results. The research analyses ankle joint forces during gait stance in normal volunteers (58 females and 81 males) using ground reaction forces and reverses dynamic equilibrium. Two specific stance phases were examined: mid-stance and push-off. Anthropometric data provided the geometry for equilibrium calculations, and ankle joint forces were determined using a free-body diagram, with gait motion captured via videography. Results indicate the younger males exhibit significantly higher vertical ground reaction forces (VGRF), Achilles tendon forces (T), and ankle joint forces (Jc) compared to females. In contrast, older females show increased foot forces and altered gait mechanics, potentially due to age-related physiological changes. This study offers insights into conditions like flat foot and high arch, providing quick, minimally invasive diagnostic methods for gait-related conditions. Future work will focus on comparing patient kinetics and kinematics before and after physiotherapy, enhancing treatment for altered gaits.