Parkinson’s Disease Demystification: From Molecular to Treatment Strategies

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological illness that causes symptoms that are both motor and non-motor. It is defined by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological illness that causes symptoms that are both motor and non-motor. Despite extensive research, the precise cause of PD remains enigmatic and is thought to involve a complex interplay of genetic vulnerability, environmental factors, and disrupted cellular processes. This review delves into the complex molecular processes, including damage caused by oxidation, misfolded proteins, neuroinflammation, and mitochondrial malfunction, that underlie the development of Parkinson’s disease. Additionally, it discusses emerging therapeutic strategies that target these pathways, including gene therapy, stem cell transplantation, and neuroprotective agents. This review highlights the potential and challenges in translating basic research findings into effective clinical interventions for PD. A comprehensive understanding of the disease’s complex molecular mechanisms is essential for developing novel therapies that can alleviate symptoms and ultimately halt disease progression.