Enriching Learning Process with Generative AI: A Proposed Framework to Cultivate Critical Thinking in Higher Education using Chat GPT

Abstract

The emergence of large language models like ChatGPT, a Generative AI (GAI) tool has created excitement about their potential to enhance education, but also concerns about overreliance and lack of critical thinking. This study aims to develop and evaluate a conceptual framework named “AI-CRITIQUE” (AI-based Critical Reflection and Insightful Thought Unleashed for Education) for leveraging ChatGPT to promote critical thinking abilities in higher education settings. Our proposed framework provides structured guidance for focused questioning, gathering diverse perspectives, evaluating responses, synthesizing insights, and reflective learning to critically analyze and build upon AI output. An empirical study was conducted with 20 undergraduate students, who answered an open-ended question with and without ChatGPT. They utilized the proposed framework when using ChatGPT. Responses were analyzed using Lee’s model of thinking levels. A survey also assessed student perceptions. When using the framework with ChatGPT, students' average thinking level significantly increased from recall (1.35) to rationalization (2.4). Survey results showed on average students felt AI helped substantially with idea generation (4.0/5.0) and critical analysis (4.2/5.0) compared to independent work. The study provides preliminary evidence that the proposed framework can effectively leverage ChatGPT's capabilities to enhance critical thinking. While further research is needed, this offers a promising novel approach for AI integration to augment human abilities and critical thinking.