A Comprehensive Review Of Phytoremediation Strategies For Heavy Metal Detoxification From Water

Abstract

Due to the rapid development of urbanization and industrialization, heavy metal contamination has emerged as a significant environmental issue. Drinking water, contaminated with heavy metals such as Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Hg, poses a major health concern for human beings. Heavy metal-induced toxicity involves processes such as ROS generation, weakening of antioxidant defenses, enzyme inactivation, and oxidative stress. Additionally, some metals bind to specific macromolecules. Conventional methods for treating heavy metal contamination are not always effective in completely removing water contaminants. Phytoremediation, a relatively new technology, is widely acknowledged as an economical, efficient, and environmentally friendly approach for removing heavy metals from polluted water. Aquatic plants play a crucial role in phytoremediation by absorbing pollutants through their roots and, in some cases, through their leaves. Common examples of these plants include water hyacinth, duckweed, and various submerged species like water milfoil and waterweed. These plants uptake pollutants such as heavy metals, nutrients, and organic compounds, contributing to the improvement of water quality.